Battery storage revenues in Poland

Sources. Day-ahead prices: single SDAC price for Poland (TGE fixing, 15-minute resolution), PSE report “csdac-pln”. FCR, aFRR, mFRR and RR balancing capacity prices: PSE report “cmbp-tp” (clearing prices, hourly). Intraday prices: TGE intraday market, total volume-weighted average price for each hour (continuous trading and IDA auctions, hourly and 15-minute contracts). Where TGE publishes no intraday data for an hour (e.g. October and November 2024), the model uses the day-ahead price. All data comes from the public PSE and TGE websites.

Arbitrage. For each day the model finds the optimal charge and discharge schedule (dynamic programming, full power or idle in each interval), starting and ending the day empty, with a daily cycle limit and round-trip efficiency. This assumes prices are known in advance, so the result is multiplied by a capture factor (85% by default).

Ancillary services. Revenue = power offered × clearing price in each hour × share of accepted bids. Upward and downward products are separate, and the same inverter power can offer upward and downward reserve at the same time. For each MW of reserve the model holds back an energy buffer (in hours), which reduces the capacity available for arbitrage.

Market depth. PSE procures a limited amount of reserves. In September 2026 demand averaged about 400 MW of aFRR in each direction, about 200 MW of FCR, about 500 MW of upward mFRR and about 675 MW of RR (PSE report “zmb”). The model treats the storage system as a price taker. As many new storage systems connect, reserve prices may fall, so the tool lets you test scenarios with prices 25% and 50% lower.

What the model leaves out:

• revenue from activated energy (aFRR via PICASSO since July 2025, mFRR, RR) and imbalance settlement costs;
• the capacity market and bilateral contracts with system operators;
• distribution charges on charging energy, grid connection costs and taxes;
• the effect of your own bids on prices. Rapid growth of storage in Poland may lower ancillary service prices, as it has in other EU countries.

The results describe the past, not a forecast. They are not an offer or a revenue guarantee.